Nobuaki Kondo. « Portrait of Islamic Intellectual: Shiite Ulama and Ijaza », in : Kotani Yiroyuki, ed., Tradition and Inheritance of Knowledge in History. Tokyo, Yamakawa Shuppansha, 2005, pp. 128-156 [in Japanese].
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1This superb article gives a vivid picture of the legal experts in modern Iran by analyzing academic careers and routine works of eminent ulama in 19th century Teheran. Their daily life included various social activities such as sermon, legal practice, education, and research as well as their association with the populace, officials, and men of estate. These activities assured the ulama of an enormous social influence. Also, their economic bases consisted of waqf endowments and ḫums as well as their private properties, and this secured them a relative independence from the state. Such socialities and economic autonomy, Kondo stresses, underpinned their powerful leadership in political movements such as the Tobacco Protest and the Constitutional Revolution. Moreover, the author presents a fresh interpretation of two key concepts concerning the ulama’s academic career and legal practice: ijtihād and riwāya. According to Kondo, ijtihād at that time meant primarily a technical faculty to deduce rules from legal sources. To practice legal service, ulama at that time had to be socially considered as mujtahed and for this purpose they asked their masters, most of whom lived in Atabat, to write a certificate to prove their faculty to make ijtihād. As for riwāya, it served not only as authorizing the claimant to transmit ḥadīṯ, but also as showing the relationship with his masters. In other words, by receiving this license, he could situate himself in the ulama community and eventually in the sequence of Islamic intellectual tradition.
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Akihiko Yamaguchi, « Nobuaki Kondo. « Portrait of Islamic Intellectual: Shiite Ulama and Ijaza », in : Kotani Yiroyuki, ed., Tradition and Inheritance of Knowledge in History. Tokyo, Yamakawa Shuppansha, 2005, pp. 128-156 [in Japanese]. », Abstracta Iranica [En ligne], Volume 29 | 2008, document 194, mis en ligne le 15 septembre 2008, consulté le 28 mars 2024. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/abstractairanica/28542 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/abstractairanica.28542
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